Abstract
We examine the patterns of lethal socio-political violence in the United States during the period between 1930 and 2025 and estimate their impact on income growth. The predominant type of violence shifted from riots to terrorism over time. Whereas such incidents were heavily concentrated in the south before the 1960s, they spread to all regions by the twenty-first century. Using improved data measurement and applying a difference-in-differences approach designed for multiple types of events, we find that overall socio-political violence had a significant adverse effect on the growth of personal incomes.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal | Defence and Peace Economics |
| DOIs | |
| State | E-pub ahead of print - 5 Apr 2026 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:© 2026 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
UN SDGs
This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
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SDG 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth -
SDG 10 Reduced Inequalities -
SDG 16 Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
Keywords
- Growth
- Polarization
- Targeted groups
- Race
- Unemployment
- Social capital
- targeted groups
- social capital
- race
- unemployment
- polarization
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